Cigarral de Menores in Toledo |
Gardening is a special artistic discipline. I can think of no other in which the final result depends on the combined work of two authors: the designer and Nature. In fact, strictly speaking, it doesn't make sense to talk about the final result, because a garden will never be something finished. So when talking about the work of a landscaper, it might be more appropriate to talk about the starting point rather than the final result. That starting point, which a landscaper has designed and a builder implements, will then be shaped by the gardener and nature into a love-hate relationship that, like in a bad marriage, will alternate the most intense moments of love with the threats of imminent divorce. It is just as illusory to think that we can leave the garden in the hands of nature, as to suppose that the gardener will be able to impose his will. Gardener and Nature are sentenced to quarrel.
Can the
landscaper and gardener be the same person? Sometimes they can (especially in
private gardens) but other times, especially when the garden is designed by a
professional landscaper, they can´t. And this is the second peculiarity of this
ephemeral art: the initial vision of the artist, the landscape designer, can be
profoundly modified over the years by the work of the person who maintains it: the
gardener. Sometimes the landscaper and the gardener will collaborate in the
maintenance of the garden, but other times the landscaper will disappear from
the scene after a while. So at some point, it will be licit to ask who the
artist really is. The fact is that books and blogs talk a lot about landscapers
and little about gardeners. In England, the figure of Head Gardener is
consistently established and is a position of great reputation. In Spain, I'm
afraid not so much. I think we see the gardener as the guy who waters, prunes
and little else. Sometimes even the landscaper is seen as the guy who waters,
prunes and little else. Let me give you an example of this. A few years ago, in
an interview, Fernando Caruncho said:
"I'm a gardener, not a
landscaper. From a very young age I have said that I am a gardener, because it
is a word that goes back 5,000 years, and is full of nuances that I don’t want
to be lose. The gardener is not only the man with the scissors, it is the man
who wants to live in the garden to find an alternative path to knowledge.”
This
is what I meant, the vision of the gardener as "the man with the
scissors". Maybe I'm being negative,
but that "man with the scissors" sounds a little condescending to
me. As Forrest Gump would say, a fool is
someone who does silly things. Well, the gardener is the one who practises
gardening. So, yes, the gardener will be the one with the scissors, who will
also be the one with the pick, the spade, the hoe, the wheelbarrow, the rake,
the hose, the watering timers and son on endlessly. And his influence in the
garden will be decisive, because the fact is that whoever wants to live in the
garden in order to find an alternative path to knowledge, needs the man with
the scissors. And by the way, the man with the scissors had better have a good
dose of knowledge.
We
can easily find Caruncho’s bucolic image of the gardener floating on his
contemplative cloud in books. Yet I'm afraid it doesn't correspond to
reality. There are garden owners, there
are garden designers (which we usually call landscape designers, architects or
landscape architects), and there are gardeners who garden. And gardening is
almost never done wearing a Lacoste polo shirt. It’s curious how little is said
about the hard work of a gardener. Gardening requires very large doses of
physical labour, which is seldom reflected in books and interviews. I remember
reading Beth Chatto telling of her arthrosis derived from hours and hours of
work, from lift excessive weights. However this openness is the exception;
little is said about this physical part of gardening. Now it's trendy to talk
about how close we are to garden bugs, to publish books about gardening without
digging, to believe in having a garden without doing anything. In the last
issue of Gardens Illustrated there is a review of a book entitled: "The
Ten-Minute Gardener: A Month-By-Month Guide to Growing Your Own”. The book
seems fine, but the title is pitiful. It’s not my opinion, it’s Caroline Beck’s,
who reviews the book. Her words say it all: "There is a section on double
digging - really? not on my northern soil and certainly not in less than two
days - one for the digging, the second for the osteopath's appointment". I
understand her, I need an osteopath today. My kitchen garden is made up of ten
steel cubes that form elevated terraces. Perfect for garden without digging.
But the nearby holm oaks don't think so and have decided that this soil is
theirs. And now I have ten raised terraces invaded by roots. I have no choice
but to empty each cube (just over a cubic metre), cut the roots, protect the
bottom with weed control netting, and refill the cube. And so on ten times. And then pray that the weed net works and
next year we won't have the same problem. This was my way to find an
alternative path to knowledge last weekend.
My first cube empty |
Recently a friend said: I'm sure
you already have a list of everything you want to do this winter in your
garden. She laughed when I replied: Yes, it’s four pages long. I’m afraid the
job of emptying the cubes is only one line in the four pages. Of course the
amount of work to be done is proportional to the size of the garden. But if
you're thinking of having a garden of a certain size, it doesn't hurt to have a
good osteopath’s number at hand. In short, if we don’t value how complicated
and demanding it can be to maintain a garden, we’re not going to value the work
of a gardener.
Last
spring I was present at the first landscape congress organized by the Rey Juan
Carlos University. I enjoyed presentations given by top professionals, and I
had the opportunity to meet some very interesting people. A conversation in the
break, and two remarks on the talks, gave me the idea for this entry. The first
remark was made by Silvia Villegas, head curator of the horticulture unit at
the Botanical Garden in Madrid. She closed her talk by thanking gardeners for
their work, because without them gardens wouldn’t be possible. There was
applause in the hall. It seems there were a number of gardeners there. The
second was by Miguel Urquijo, who said something like we need gardeners
although it’s hard to find a good one. In this case there was no applause but a
whisper of anger. If I had been a gardener I wouldn't have been offended by
Miguel's comment. I’d say that showing enough interest to be at those talks is
a guarantee that those present were good gardeners. Besides, I agree with
Miguel Urquijo, I don't think we have enough good gardeners. Just take a walk
through our streets and public gardens and behold some of the atrocities. In
general let's say that there is a certain tendency towards the agricultural
exploitation of gardens, and it seems that pruning is extremely important for
some gardeners.
During
one of the breaks, I met Ángel Domínguez, owner of the Vergel del Cerro nursery
in Toledo. Ángel told me about his professional approach to the world of
landscaping, and I thought it was a brilliant idea that resolved the struggle between
the need and lack of good gardeners. Taking advantage of the high density of
large gardens in the vicinity of Toledo, Ángel has made a niche for himself as
something that Miguel García has called Landscape Keeper. I don't know if this
term already existed but it's perfect to define Angel's work. During his work
in the nursery, Angel noticed that many wealthy people commissioned their gardens
to important landscapers who usually disappeared once the garden was in place. Whereupon
gardens were left in the hands of local companies that often didn’t have the
necessary knowledge to maintain and develop the garden. Ángel uses a simple
example to explain it: would you buy a Ferrari and then take it to the village
garage? I certainly wouldn't. The village mechanic may be a handyman and have
great goodwill, but it’s unlikely he has the necessary technological means and
knowledge. Indeed, the same thing
happens with these modern gardens in rural areas. Gardeners at the best are
restricted to what they’ve always done, and at the worst are farmers converted to
gardeners with little sensibility of what a garden needs. Angel's approach is
that of a consultant. He visits the garden and draws up a plan that complements
the maintenance work of local gardeners. Last
fall Gema, Miguel García, Gonzalo Morillo and I, visited some of the gardens
where Angel works.
Gonzalo Morillo, Miguel García, Ángel Domínguez, Gema Perez and Miguel Recio |
Fantastic gardens such as the Palacio de Galiana and the
Cigarral de Menores where I could see what Angel had explained to me. And these
gardens are not the best examples, because from what I saw they have excellent
gardeners, people who keep them exquisitely clean and tidy. Yet they still
suffer from two things that Angel complements. The first is capacity: Lino, the
gardener of the Palacio de Galiana, struck me as an extremely dedicated
professional, but if he had to prune the dozens of huge cypresses in the garden,
he might not have time to do any of the other countless important things. Angel
has a team of gardeners who can meet the demands of a garden like this.
Gonzalo, Miguel, Lino, Ángel and Miguel |
Angel's
second contribution is more subtle and perhaps this is where his differential
value comes in. The experience of some
of these gardeners is limited to a single garden. In other words, to very
particular soil, climate, light conditions and to very concrete plants. This
gives them a vast knowledge of this particular context, but when an external
factor modifies it they have no perspective. Redesigning the garden, a new
plantation, a new plague, may put them in an awkward situation. On the other
hand, landscapers who design the garden may not have specific knowledge of the
area. In his new plantations Piet Oudolf usually works with some specialists in
the area. In fact, if he wanted to make a garden in Toledo, he could hire
Ángel, because in short, what Angel comes to contribute is transversal
knowledge that adds specific knowledge of the area and more general technical
knowledge. From the references I have about him, I think that this sum of
knowledge gives him what the Anglo-Saxons call a green thumb; that magical
touch, that ability to guess what happens to a plant, what needs to be done so
that the grass meadow stops yellowing or the sterile orchard begins to produce.
There are people who have a green thumb, and of course it has nothing to do
with magic or a God-given gift. As
Michael Pollan points out in his book Second Nature, a green thumb can be a
particular type of memory, a compendium of small stories, of failures and success
that have been distilled to the point where the gardener can take advantage of
his lessons without even thinking about it. In the same book, Pollan classifies
the faults of a garden into three categories. The first is what we might call
the acts of God or Nature. If you plant tomatoes in May and then there’s frost,
bad luck. The other two categories have more to do with the good work of the
gardener. The second would be the problems of infraculturation, when the
gardener hasn’t been able to alter his space to the level that his plants
require. He hasn’t been able to tame Nature enough. This is typical of novice
or lazy gardeners. The third category is overcultivation problems, when the
gardener overdoes his interventions, something all too common in our streets
and parks: too much pruning, too much
fertilizer, too many pesticides. Therefore, a green thumb is a gardener able to
walk the line between the dangers of undercultivation and those of
overcultivation. Angel works in a good many gardens, so I guess that he’ll
continue to pile up stories that will allow him to walk nimbly along that fine
exciting line.